耐低温耐低氧萌发野败不育系赣野A的选育

赣野A是江西省农科院水稻研究所将东乡野生稻的耐冷性和耐低氧萌发能力导入抗稻瘟病保持系赣香B后再与赣香A测交和回交育成的野败型三系籼稻不育系。该不育系败育彻底,异交结实率高,配合力较强,具有较强的耐冷性和耐低氧萌发能力,在直播杂交稻育种中应用前景广阔。2019年通过了江西省品种审定。     

Mechanism of elemene enhancing radiosensitivity of human glioma U251 cells

AIM To investigate the effect of elemene on the radiosensitivity of human glioma U251 cells and its mechanism. METHODS The U251 cells were used as a glioma model in vitro, and were exposed to different concentrations of elemene and different doses of radiation. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay, the apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the related protein levels were determined by Western blot. RESULTS Elemene inhibited the viability of U251 cells in vitro and enhanced the radiosensitivity of the cells. The cells in radiotherapy combined with elemene group had higher rates of early apoptosis, secondary necrosis and total cell death than those in radiation group. Elemene induced G₂/M phase arrest in the U251 cells. Elemene reduced the protein expression of cell division cycle protein 2 （Cdc2）, which resulted in the decrease in cyclin B1 expression induced by radiotherapy, thereby inhibiting the formation of cyclin B-Cdc2 complex. Elemene reduced Cdc2 activity by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Cdc2 protein at threonine 161, thereby inducing G₂/M phase arrest in the cells. It also mediated apoptosis by down-regulating survivin expression. CONCLUSION Elemene may increase the sensitivity of U251 cells to radiotherapy by down-regulating Cdc2 protein, decreasing cyclin B1 expression, inhibiting the formation of cylcin B-Cdc2 complex and down-regulating the expression of survivin.     

除草剂胁迫下3种牧草浸提液对受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探明除草剂胁迫对3种牧草的化感作用，本研究采用室内生测法，采用不同推荐剂量的草铵膦和草甘膦分别处理紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）和红豆草（Onobrychis viciaefolia）幼苗，测定3种牧草浸提液对受体小白菜（Brassica chinensis）种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响，并结合化感效应值对牧草的化感活性进行分析，旨在为牧草田的杂草防治及科学使用除草剂提供理论参考。结果表明：3种牧草浸提液对受体植物发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、苗高、最大根长及活力指数均具有一定的影响，对最大根长的影响最大；受2种除草剂胁迫后，供试牧草的化感作用均显著高于清水处理，其中草甘膦胁迫后的表现更为明显，其对供试牧草化感作用的强弱顺序为：红豆草>紫花苜蓿>黑麦草。综上，除草剂胁迫下可明显增强紫花苜蓿、红豆草和黑麦草的化感作用。     

水分优化对温室葡萄产量及土壤生物学特性的影响

为揭示滴灌不同水分调控下设施栽培葡萄产量与土壤学特性等相关指标的响应关系,在甘肃省永登县设施葡萄试验基地开展葡萄滴灌不同生育期水分调控田间灌溉试验,分析水分调控对设施栽培葡萄土壤积温、蔗糖酶和淀粉酶活性、有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物熵(qMB)等土壤学特性的影响,基于隶属函数综合分析明确影响葡萄产量及各项土壤生物学特性指标的最佳水分优化处理。结果表明:新梢期水分胁迫的土壤积温、土壤酶、TOC、MBC、qMB均显著(P <0. 05)高于对照;新梢期水分胁迫较对照可增产44. 6%;果实膨大期作为葡萄生长的关键阶段,此时水分胁迫对土壤淀粉酶影响不显著,但对其他土壤学特性指标具有一定的抑制作用,并且可减产9.7%;隶属函数综合分析表明,土壤生物学特性指标及产量综合隶属排名为:PS﹥FS﹥CS﹥CK﹥ES。     

花期低温对水稻叶鞘生理及结实率的影响

盆栽条件下，以耐冷性不同的2个水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种龙稻5（耐冷型）和龙粳11（冷敏型）为材料，于开花期在人工气候室进行低温（15℃，分别持续1，2，3，4，5 d）处理，研究开花期低温对不同耐冷性水稻结实率及叶鞘膜透性、抗氧化酶等生理指标的影响。结果表明：低温处理2 d时，龙稻5和龙粳11的花粉活力分别下降了8.21%和16.10%，差异达极显著水平；低温处理3 d后，龙稻5的结实率下降到99.90%，与CK相比差异达到显著水平；低温处理1 d后，龙粳11的结实率下降到60.04%，与对照相比差异达到极显著水平。低温处理提高了水稻叶鞘相对电导率和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量，处理5 d时各指标达最大值，与CK相比，龙稻15和龙粳11分别提高了38.01%和20.77%、25.06%和84.85%、25.82%和23.63%。同时低温处理也提高了叶鞘超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性，处理3 d时酶活性达最大值，龙稻15和龙粳11分别较CK提高了10.57%和14.90%、86.26%和68.71%、17.73%和28.25%。综上所述，开花期低温引起水稻叶鞘膜脂过氧化程度升高，但也诱导水稻叶鞘抗氧化系统开启、保护酶活性上升以抵御低温伤害；开花期低温导致水稻花粉活力降低并引起结实率降低，耐冷品种较冷敏品种抵御能力强。     

盐碱地玉米产量及土壤硝态氮对深松耕作和秸秆还田的响应

【目的】盐碱地是我国重要的土地资源,研究合理可行的耕作技术和培肥措施,为提高产量和实现盐碱地农业可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】2014-2017年,在山东省滨州市无棣县的盐碱土上,以玉米为供试作物,连续进行了4年田间试验。试验采用裂区设计,以耕作方式为主区,分别设夏季旋耕15 cm (R)和旋耕后再深松35 cm处理(S);副区为冬季秸秆还田量,设秸秆半量还田(3350 kg/hm^2,B)和秸秆全量还田(6700kg/hm^2,Q)两个用量,以无秸秆还田为对照。所有处理的养分总量保持一致。开花后每隔10天取样1次,直到收获期,测定植株干物质和穗位叶硝酸还原酶活性。在玉米小口期、开花期及收获期,取0-100 cm土层样品,每10 cm为一层,测定了土壤硝态氮含量及累积量。【结果】各生育期玉米干物质积累量和产量在两个耕作方式间的差异不显著,与秸秆半量还田相比,秸秆全量还田处理开花期前干物质量较少,但在开花期时,已经开始赶超秸秆半量还田的处理。在收获期,秸秆全量还田处理的干物质量显著高于秸秆半量还田处理的干物质量,4年中的提高幅度为8.6%~9.7%,秸秆全量还田处理的籽粒产量显著优于秸秆半量还田处理(P <0.05)。4年干物质积累量,SQ处理平均比SB、RQ和RB分别提高2.5%~7.3%、1.6%~4.2%和7.6%~20.3%。深松与秸秆全量还田有明显的正耦合作用,秸秆全量还田与深松耕作相结合有利于籽粒产量的提高,与其他处理差异显著(P <0.05)。相同耕作方式下,4年中秸秆全量还田处理的平均硝态氮含量在小口期低于秸秆半量还田,在开花期显著高于秸秆半量还田,但在收获期又显著低于秸秆半量还田的处理,硝态氮累积量平均降低17.9%(P <0.05)。在4年中深松耕作处理的0-100 cm平均硝态氮累积量比旋耕处理的显著降低8.9%。【结论】在供试盐碱地土壤条件下,秸秆全量还田结合浅旋耕后再深松的效果最好,可提高玉米产量,减少土壤中硝态氮的累积。     

辽宁省果树科学研究所梨育种回顾与展望

作者对辽宁省果树科学研究所近40年来育种工作进行了系统的回顾,包括杂交育种、芽变选种、实生选种等不同育种方法及在梨果实性状遗传规律方面取得的成就等。并对未来的育种趋势进行了展望。     

Regional distribution of wheat yield and chemical fertilizer requirements in China

Quantification of currently attainable yield and fertilizer requirements can provide detailed information for assessing the food supply capacity and offer data support for agricultural decision-making. Datasets from a total of 5 408 field experiments were collected from 2000 to 2015 across the major wheat production regions in China to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat yield, the soil nutrient supply capacity(represented by relative yield, defined as the ratio of the yield under the omission of one of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) to the yield under the full NPK fertilizer application), and N, P and K fertilizer requirements by combining the kriging interpolation method with the Nutrient Expert Decision Support System for Wheat. The results indicated that the average attainable yield was 6.4 t ha~(-1), with a coefficient of variation(CV) of 24.9% across all sites. The yields in North-central China(NCC) and the northern part of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) were generally higher than 7 t ha~(-1), whereas the yields in Southwest China(SWC), Northeast China(NEC), and the eastern part of Northwest China(NWC) were usually less than 6 t ha~(-1). The precentage of area having a relative yield above 0.70, 0.85, and 0.85 for N, P, and K fertilizers accounted for 52.3, 74.7, and 95.9%, respectively. Variation existed in N, P, and K fertilizer requirements, with a CV of 24.8, 23.9, and 29.9%, respectively, across all sites. More fertilizer was needed in NCC and the northern part of the MLYR than in other regions. The average fertilizer requirement was 162, 72, and 57 kg ha~(-1) for N, P_2O_5, and K_2O fertilizers, respectively, across all sites. The incorporation of the spatial variation of attainable yield and fertilizer requirements into wheat production practices would benefit sustainable wheat production and environmental safety.     

武威市畜禽粪污土地承载潜力分析

为评估武威市畜禽养殖粪污土地承载潜力,本文按照以地定畜、种养平衡的原则,从畜禽粪污养分供给和土壤粪肥养分需求的角度出发,科学测算了武威市近三年畜禽粪污养分供给量和本区域植物粪肥养分需求量,分析武威市各县区畜禽粪污土地理论承载力和实际承载力差距,推算出潜在承载力,为政府决策、部门制定畜牧业发展规划提供依据。     

东农冬麦1号TaPRK基因的生物信息学分析及低温和ABA、SA、MeJA对其表达模式的影响

磷酸核糖激酶(PRK)是卡尔文循环的关键酶,在调节糖代谢过程中起着关键作用。为探索TaPRK在小麦抗逆过程中的功能,以强抗寒冬小麦品种东农冬麦1号(Dn1)和弱抗寒冬小麦品种济麦22(J22)为材料,对TaPRK进行生物信息学分析和表达模式研究。结果表明,TaPRK基因含有一个1 215bp开放阅读框,编码404个氨基酸,表达产物为稳定的亲水蛋白,属于尿苷激酶家族,带有叶绿体转运肽,定位于叶绿体。越冬期间,Dn1分蘖节中TaPRK的相对表达量显著高于J22,Dn1叶片中TaPRK的相对表达量在-10℃和-25℃时高于J22,而在0℃时低于J22;外源ABA、SA和MeJA处理下,Dn1分蘖节中TaPRK的相对表达量均随着温度的降低表现为先升后降的趋势,且均在-10℃时达到表达量的峰值;外源ABA和SA处理下Dn1叶片中TaPRK的相对表达量呈现"降-升-降"的变化规律,在-10℃时显著高于对照;外源MeJA处理下,Dn1叶片中TaPRK的相对表达量在0℃和-25℃高于对照,且在0℃达到峰值。总体来说,TaPRK在小麦抗寒方面发挥正向调节作用。外源ABA、SA和MeJA增加了冬小麦TaPRK的表达量,有助于提高冬小麦的抗寒性。